Imagining Change: Coastal Conversations
Charming short film from the AHRC, showcasing the value of arts and humanities research in understanding environmental change.
(via Bradley Garrett)
Academics Design Politics/Economics Speculations Technology [future shock]
by Justin
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Design-Politics-Futures (Candy)
‘To both design and politics, futures affords some tools to crack open times-to-come as a far richer domain for discussion. It also offers the holistic systems-thinking and temporal reach that are necessary to move beyond ideology-driven argumentation about ‘the (singular) future’ into more systematic and multi-dimensional exploration. Politics, in its theoretical aspect, gives futurists and designers a sensitivity to power relations and a range of conceptions of the good and the just at the social level, and in its activist aspect, represents a tradition of exploring and concretely operationalising these ethics in the world. Designers give to futures and politics practitioners a much-needed dose of communications acumen and facility with media, along with a fusion of aesthetic (used here in the narrow sense) with the pragmatic; a necessary equilibrium between form and function.’
— Stuart Candy, ‘The Futures of Everyday Life‘ (2010)
Academics Journalism Publishing Speculations Travel Writing
by Justin
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Venture Ethnography 2: excerpts & anchors
photo credit: justinpickard (incorporating Andreas Pizsa, Barry M, and the Seattle Municipal Archives)
Following last week’s introduction to Project Cascadia (and accompanying reading list), I thought I’d share a couple of passages that have been firmly lodged in my brain this week.
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First, the very beginning of Francis Spufford’s Red Plenty, an extraordinary novel-slash-history of Soviet cybernetics. In this extract, the author grapples with some of the peculiarities and nuance of his writing:
‘This is not a novel. It has too much to explain, to be one of those. But it is not a history either, for it does its explaining in the form of a story; only the story is the story of an idea, first of all, and only afterwards, glimpsed through the chinks of the idea’s fate, the story of the people involved. The idea is the hero. It is the idea that sets forth, into a world of hazards and illusions, monsters and transformations, helped by some of those it meets along the way and hindred by others.’
– Francis Spufford, Red Plenty (2010), p. 3.
(‘The idea is the hero.‘ How do you approach a biography of an idea? An idea of a region; a utopia; shared – at some vague, subconscious level – by millions of people? Approached obliquely … glimpsed through gaps, and attacked from strange angles? Ambushed with some strange hybrid of fact and fiction? Hmm.)
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Secondly, a couple of lines from Wild Bill Gibson’s ‘The Gernsback Continuum‘; a meditation on legacy futures in the form of a short story:
‘She was talking about those odds and ends of ‘futuristic’ Thirties and Forties architecture you pass daily in American cities without noticing: the movie marquees ribbed to radiate some mysterious energy, the dime stores faced with fluted aluminum, the chrome-tube chairs gathering dust in the lobbies of transient hotels. She saw these things as segments of a dreamworld, abandoned in the uncaring present; she wanted me to photograph them for her.’
– William Gibson, ‘The Gernsback Continuum’, Burning Chrome (1988), pp. 38-39.
(‘Segments of a dreamworld.’ Hunting traces … gathering evidence … detective work, pinning down the imaginary and the nebulous in something tangible. The process of documenting the imaginary drives Gibson’s photojournalist protagonist to the brink of madness, as he begins to slip sideways into the obsolete retro-future he’s been sent to document. It’s an excellent short story, and a key insipiration for some of my earliest work on this project.)
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photo credit: justinpickard
And, finally, the opening lines from Mike Davis’ City of Quartz, a strange, tangential, and exhaustively-referenced biography of Los Angeles:
‘The best place to view Los Angeles of the next millennium is from the ruins of its alternative future. Standing on the sturdy cobblestone foundations of the General Assembly Hall of the Socialist city of Llana del Rio – Open Shop Los Angeles’s utopian antipode – you can sometimes watch the Space Shuttle in its elegant final descent towards Rogers Dry Lake.’
– Mike Davis, City of Quartz (1990), p. 3.
(‘From the ruins of its alternative future.‘ If you want to understand the ways things will turn out, you have to understand what’s already failed, and why? These are words that echo (rhyme with?) Sterling’s oft-repeated aphorism: ‘The ruins of the unsustainable are the twenty-first century’s frontier.’ The mission, then, is to locate sites where the past and future collide with an unexpected ferocity, bringing long-buried cultural detritus to the surface. Atemporality, located in space.)
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More to follow, in time.
Academics Politics/Economics Publishing Travel Writing
by Justin
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Venture Ethnography 1: a bi(bli)ography
photo credit: justinpickard (incorporating Andreas Pizsa, Barry M, and the Seattle Municipal Archives)
Venture ethnography | Speculative travel writing | Territorial futures
Introducing Project Cascadia: my attempt to bootstrap a new(ish) mode of writing into existence.
3–6 weeks in North America’s Pacific Northwest, in search of traces of Cascadia. Fodder for a series of essays and investigations. Presented in a book. Crowdfunded by you; the proud and attractive people of the internet.
For the tl;dr among you, there’s a an easy blurb and video here – enough to you give you a sense of the shape of the thing. Go, chuckle at my unkempt appearance and poor grasp of audio syncing!
Then, for more in the way of detail (a lot more), join me below…
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Project Cascadia is the test-case for a cluster of ideas I’ve been playing with for the best part of five years. A chance to break out my signature obsessions …
Hauntings, world expos, gonzo journalism, science fiction, systems, geopolitics, utopianism, virtuality, globalisation, the sublime, resilience, collapsonomics, aesthetics, architecture, environmentalism, infrastructure, design, futures studies, sovereignty, atemporality, risk, the nation-state, the uncanny, Americana, technoscience, cyberpunk, multispecies ethnography, fiction, capitalism, the human senses, counterfactual history, media and cyborgs (and media cyborgs)
… and nail them to the mast of a weird and interstitial sort of boat; a soupy, hybrid writing practice that would combine the best of ethnography, journalism and science fiction.
Trips to San Francisco (2009), Iceland (2010), and Dublin (2011) demonstrated my incapability of approach travel in any kind of ‘normal’ way. A born infovore, I kept getting caught up in the minutae, symbolism, and historical specificity of the place, and ended up ambushing tour guides with questions about medieval property law and taking lots of photos of construction hoardings.
Part of this is down to a strange education, with a joint honours degree in Anthropology and International Relations (blending the local and the global), and a masters in Digital Media.
Both of these programmes allowed me the freedom to shoehorn in all kinds of stuff, adding science fiction to offshore finance; american literature to biotechnology; and penning essays on the aesthetics of Guantanamo Bay, the Principality of Sealand, airports, post-colonial Mumbai, and Richard Kelly’s cult masterpiece/traversty Southland Tales (2007).
In lieu of a biography, then, I’m offering a bibliography. Five years of my brain, in books, articles, essays, and blog posts. I fully expect this to be a forest of broken links by this time next week, but, in the meantime, it should begin to give you an idea of where I stand … and, yes, why I might be doing this.
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Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1983)
Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (1996)
‘Spectral housing and urban cleansing: notes on millennial Mumbai‘, Public Culture 12:3 (2000)
Marc Augé, Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity (1992)
J. G. Ballard, Vermillion Sands (1971)
‘My Dream of Flying to Wake Island‘ (Guardian podcast)
Richard Barbrook, Imaginary Futures: From Thinking Machines to the Global Village (2007)
Nigel Barley, The Innocent Anthropologist: Notes From a Mud Hut (1983)
Jean Baudrillard, The Gulf War Did Not Take Place (1991)
America (1986)
Lauren Beukes, Zoo City (2010)
Moxyland (2008)
Hakim Bey, The Temporary Autonomous Zone (1991)
Gray Brechin, Imperial San Francisco: Urban Power, Earthly Ruin (2006)
John Brunner, Stand on Zanzibar (1968)
Jamais Cascio, ‘Legacy Futures‘, Open the Future (2008)
‘Three Possible Economic Models‘, Fast Company (2009)
‘Three Possible Economic Models, Part 2‘, Fast Company (2009)
Ernest Callenbach, Ecotopia: The Notebooks and Reports of William Weston (1975)
Michael Chabon, Maps and Legends (2008)
Jean and John Comaroff, ‘Alien-Nation: Zombies, Immigrants and Millennial Capitalism’, South Atlantic Quarterly 101:4 (2002)
‘Millennial Capitalism: First Thoughts on a Second Coming‘, Public Culture 12:2 (2000)
‘Occult economies and the violence of abstraction: notes from the South African postcolony’, American Ethnologist 26:2 (1999)
Douglas Coupland, ‘A radical pessimist’s guide to the next 10 years‘, Globe and Mail (2010)
Generation A (2009)
JPod (2006)
Erik Davis, TechGnosis: Myth, Magic and Mysticism in the Age of Information (2004)
Mike Davis, City of Quartz (1990)
Cory Doctorow, Makers (2009)
Keller Easterling, Enduring Innocence: Global Architecture and Its Political Masquerades (2005)
Jennifer Egan, A Visit from the Goon Squad (2010)
Warren Ellis, Shivering Sands (2009)
Matthew Gandy, ‘Cyborg Urbanization: Complexity and Monstrosity in the Contemporary City‘, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29:1 (2005)
Bradley L. Garrett, ‘Urban explorers: quests for myth, mystery and meaning’, Geography Compass (2010) [video]
Place Hacking (2008-present)
William Gibson, ‘The Gernsback Continuum’, Burning Chrome (1986)
Zero History (2010)
Spook Country (2007)
Pattern Recognition (2003)
David Graeber, Possibilities: Essays on Hierarchy, Rebellion, and Desire (2007)
Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology (2004)
Adam Greenfield, ‘Thoughts for an eleventh September: Alvin Toffler, Hirohito, Sarah Palin‘, Speedbird (2008)
Richard Grusin, Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11 (2010)
Charlie Hailey, Camps: A Guide to 21st-Century Space (2009)
Donna Haraway, When Species Meet (2007)
Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©Meets_OncoMouse™ (1997)
Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1990)
Stefan Helmreich, Alien Ocean: Anthropological Voyages in Microbial Seas (2009)
Dan Hill, ‘The Street as Platform‘, City of Sound (2008)
Drew Jacob, ‘How to be ExPoMod‘, Most Interesting People in the Room
Sarah Kember, ‘Media, Mars and Metamorphosis‘, Culture Machine (2010)
Naomi Klein, Fences and Windows: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Globalization Debate (2002)
Alan Klima, ‘Spirits of ‘Dark Finance’: A Local Hazard for the International Moral Fund’, Cultural Dynamics (2006)
‘Thai Love Thai: Financing Emotion in Post-crash Thailand‘, Ethnos (2004)
Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern (1991)
Ursula Le Guin, Changing Planes (2003)
The Disposessed: An Ambiguous Utopia (1974)
Charles MacKay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (1841)
Geoff Manaugh, The BLDGBLOG Book (2009)
Ian McDonald, The Dervish House (2010)
Brasyl (2007)
River of Gods (2004)
Suketu Mehta, Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found (2004)
China Mieville, The City & the City (2009)
‘Covehithe‘, The Guardian (2011)
‘M.R. James and the Quantum Vampire – Weird; Hauntological: Versus and/or and and/or or?‘, Collapse IV (2008)
‘Floating Utopias‘, In These Times (2007)
Timothy Mitchell, Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity (2002)
Thomas Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49 (1966)
Keith Roberts, Pavane (1968)
Jim Rossignol, This Gaming Life: Travels in Three Cities (2008)
Geoff Ryman, Air (2005)
Stephen Shaviro, Post-Cinematic Affect (2010)
Gary Shtenyngart, Super Sad True Love Story (2010)
Francis Spufford, Red Plenty (2010)
Bruce Sterling, The Caryatids (2009)
‘Designer Futurescape‘, Make 18 (2009)
‘Dispatches from the Hyperlocal Future‘, Wired (2007)
Holy Fire (1996)
Islands in the Net (1988)
‘State of the World, 20––‘, The Well (2001-present)
Michael Taussig, What Color is the Sacred? (2009)
‘Zoology, Magic, and Surrealism in the War on Terror‘, Critical Inquiry 34:S2 (2008)
Hunter S. Thompson, Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail ’72 (1973)
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1971)
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There you go; everything interesting and/or relevant I’ve read in the last half-decade. *jazz hands*
In the second part of this cynically self-promotional series, to follow sometime in the next week, I’ll start to weave some of the items from this list into something more useful and cohesive, and begin looking at what this hybrid form of writing might actually look like. Join me then.
Academics Cartesian Minefield Design Politics/Economics Speculations Technology
by Justin
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Scenius Engineering?
Scenius:
‘Scenius is like genius, only embedded in a scene rather than in genes. Brian Eno suggested the word to convey the extreme creativity that groups, places or “scenes” can occasionally generate. His actual definition is: “Scenius stands for the intelligence and the intuition of a whole cultural scene. It is the communal form of the concept of the genius.”‘
– Kevin Kelly, ‘Scenius, or Communal Genius‘, The Technium, 10/06/2008
Engineering:
‘Scientists try to understand nature. Engineers try to make things that do not exist in nature. Engineers stress invention. To embody an invention the engineer must put his idea in concrete terms, and design something that people can use. That something can be a device, a gadget, a material, a method, a computing program, an innovative experiment, a new solution to a problem, or an improvement on what is existing. Since a design has to be concrete, it must have its geometry, dimensions, and characteristic numbers.’
– YC Fung and P. Tong, 2001, Classical and Computational Solid Mechanics
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Key texts include the work of Steven Johnson, Joseph Schumpeter, Francis Spufford’s Red Plenty, the ‘soft’ architecture of Cedric Price and Archigram, the as-of-yet-unwritten obituary of East London Tech City, and any amount of behavioural economics. Organisational acupuncture. An architecture of micropolitics.
It might even be a career.
Academics Epizoic/Epizootic Material/Digital Science! Speculations Technology
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Epizo(ot)ic Media
With DARPA threatening to enlist America’s patriotic dogs in the defense of their homeland, and the IEET looking at the rights of non-human persons, this whole interest-nexus seems pretty close to simmering over (note to self: really need to read Johnson’s Where Good Ideas Come From).
Definitions:
- epizoic adj 1 describes a nonparasitic animal or plant that lives on the external surface of a living animal, 2 describes plants whose seeds or spores are dispersed by being attached to the coats of animals
- epizootic adj describes an outbreak of disease that rapidly affects many animals in a given area at the same time
This, then, is the other side of the cyborg/robot coin — machines and animals/plants as ways of interrogating the boundaries and agency of ‘the human’, as we move forward. Adding biology to technology (esp. media), rather than the other way round.
Theun Karelse, writing at the Institute for Augmented Ecology:
Non-humans are fitted with wearable technology, in past decades it has predominantly been GPS, but what happens when they start carrying rich mobile media like we do?
In its original set-up groWorld at FoAM set out to investigate interactions between plants and humans from multiple perspectives. This includes work on minimising borders and maximising edges between man-made and vegetal, by entangling culture & cultivation {sym}, building & growing {bio} and nature & technology {sys}. Some HPI-s (human plant interaction) prototyped at FoAM are human-plant gaming, plantbased solarcells and a foraging application for smartphone. Later Angelo Vermeulen has been working with cockroaches for his Entomograph see insects. IforAE, a temporary research within FoAM is currently investigating epizoic (epizootic) media to look at trans-species social networks.
Check out his list of projects — an set of items that should help you start to bend your brain around the (still permeable) boundaries of the field.
Further reading:
- Anab on wifi-enabled dogs (amazing)
- Timothy Mitchell on the agency of mosquitos in wartime Egypt
- Jussi Parrika’s Insect Media (to read)
- Paskian systems!
- El Fortunio’s ‘I, Bacteria‘
- Everything from here
Academics Cartesian Minefield Material/Digital Politics/Economics Speculations Technology [future shock]
by Justin
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[future shock] 8 theses on cyborgism
I like (most) cyborgs.
I like Donna Haraway, Ghost in the Shell, and talking at length about technological prostheses.
And here we are, doing just that.
This round of discussion has its roots tangled messily round Tim Maly‘s 50 cyborgs, a month of posts celebrating the term’s fiftieth anniversary, back in September. This was something Chairman Bruce described as:
‘a large clique of obviously intelligent and creative people who all more or less know each other through the Internet, and are all loosely riffing about cyborgs, and what-cyborg-means-to-them.’
Then, more recently, we had Amber Case at TED and Lepht Anonym talking about self-bootstrapping with implants. In reaction, Matthew Battles wrote a piece for Gearfuse, which M1k3y read and tweeted. Based on that piece, I had a late night discussion with Matthew about who gets to be a cyborg, which Tim Maly later compiled and annotated on Storify.
With me thus far? Good.
Next, we took it into a Google Document and – 13,000 words and two days later – found ourselves with a mammoth discussion/exploration of all kinds of nuances and discontinuities in our use of the term ‘cyborg’, with contributions from Tim Maly, Amber Case, Matthew Battles, Tim Carmody, Ella Saitta, Deb Chachra, Hilary Dixon, Adam Rothstein, and others. None of whom I have met in the flesh — something worth highlighting.
Strange and all kinds of epic.
Now, there’s a lot of these 13,000 words to leak out over the coming weeks and months, but this is something that stuck with me. Originally authored by Tim Carmody, but edited by committee — to the point where we felt we could agree.
Thus: 8 theses on cyborgism. Martin Luther by way of Steve Mann, though, if that’s the case, I’m not sure what we’re supposed to nail it to. The TED website? Donna Haraway’s office at UC Santa Cruz?
Either way, here’s what we came up with:
- Pointing to something like cell-phone use and saying “we’re all cyborgs” is not substantially different from pointing to cooking or writing and saying “we’re all cyborgs.”
- Cooking and writing are nothing to sneeze at! They’re important technologies that we’ve incorporated nearly seamlessly into our psychological lives and (in the case of cooking) our biological evolution.
- Despite our long-running species enmeshment in technology, we’re witnessing the emergence of something closer to the popular techno-organic image of the cyborg, if not necessarily the original idea of either the cyborg or the broader field of cybernetics.
- That new thing (whatever form it takes) is bigger than computers or phones or consumer communication technologies. It points to the incorporation of technological components that violate or transform the bodily/agential integrity of human beings.
- This is happening in a way that’s partially invisible, as part of the medical/industrial/networked aspects of our societies (tooth fillings, drugs, Google Instant, etc.), and in a way that’s much more visible, more closely related to our ideas of disability, transgenderism, etc.
- This presents a weird synthesis of the classic idea of the cyborg, the development of medical technology, the evolution of consumer technology, and identity politics.
- Cyborgs have a troubling dual origin, which includes both mega-reliance on techno infrastructure and homesteading DIY self-emancipation. This tension will not go away.
- Equally, this tension is nothing new. This is a tension that began in earnest during the Macy conferences in the 1940s, when cyberneticists, technologists and anthropologists began to meet to discuss this very subject.
I have a great deal of fondness for this list, even as it dodges controversy by charting a safer path. How about you? Partially-formed thoughts? Observations? Strident cries of diagreement?
Let us know.
Academics Cartesian Minefield Memory Politics/Economics Speculations
by Justin
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Dunagan on Neuropolitics
As a precis, the final chunk his concluding paragaph is incredibly apposite, but go – read the complete article. It’s solid stuff, with a brace of excellent case studies; well worth checking out.
‘There are certainly new and opposite cognitive, social, and political forms taking shape before us: artificial intelligences, cyborgs, posthuman subjectivity, a breakdown of mind along with the destruction of the planet, a technoprogressive democracy, a society of control networked from synapse to street, and on and on. This paper was an attempt to look out the window at our minds as they reach the “sound barrier,” and what possibilities, if any, might lie just beyond the sonic boom. We’re almost there; meet you on the other side.’
– Jake Dunagan, 2010, ‘Politics for the Neurocentric Age’, Journal of Futures Studies 15 (2), p. 67.
Academics Science! Speculations Technology [reading list]
by Justin
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[reading list] A Biological Turn
Since finishing the MA back in September, I seem to have been slipping sideways into the cultures and ethnography of the biological (loosely defined), as the flip side of Haraway’s cyborg theory. Currently chewing my way through any number of articles on synthetic/marine/astro biology, and multispecies ethnography, I’ve thrown together this – partial – reading list as a way of structuring my research.
‘I am a creature of the mud, not the sky. I am a biologist who has always found edification in the amazing abilities of slime to hold things in touch and to lubricate passages for living beings and their parts. I love the fact that human genomes can be found in only about 10 percent of all the cells that occupy the mundane space I call my body; the other 90 percent of the cells are filled with the genomes of bacteria, fungi, protists, and such, some of which play in a symphony necessary to my being alive at all, and some of which are hitching a ride and doing the rest of me, of us, no harm. I am vastly outnumbered by my tiny companions; better put, I become an adult human being in company with these tiny messmates. To be one is always to become with many.’
– Donna Haraway (2008), When Species Meet (University of Minnesota Press) , pp. 3-4.
‘So far, microbes have been described as bearers of important messages, as in need of protection from contamination, as versatile, as possibly chimerical, as invasive, as smelly, and as shit bugs. If not strictly taboo, microbes are certainly objects of interest and anxiety; their relations to humans matter to these scientists. And they come to matter precisely through their manifestation as media—as symbolic intermediaries between human selves and an oceanic other, as material things whose functions can be investigated as biomedia.’
– Stefan Helmreich (2009), Alien Ocean (University of California Press), p. 58.
‘Any search for a shadow biosphere must consider the role of ecological niches and address the issue of why standard life could not/did not invade and conquer the locales harboring weird life.’
– P.C.W. Davies et. al. (2009), ‘Signatures of a Shadow Biosphere’, Astrobiology, Vol. 9 (2), p. 242.
… weird life, culture(s) beyond the human, xenobiologies (artificial or extraterrestrial), cross-species politics, geoengineering, FOXP2, protocells, biofilm, bios/zoe, Cetacean personhood, ‘Blue-Green capitalism’, the bureaucracy of the hive, Lovelock/Lovecraft, the possibilities of uplift …
Reading List
- Thrilling Wonder Stories II — Rachel Armstrong; Geoff Manaugh & Nicola Twilley; Dunne & Raby
- ‘Stratagraphies of Infestation‘, BLDGBLOG
- ‘Concrete Honey and the Printing Room‘, BLDGBLOG
- ‘Future Foragers’, Icon Magazine 090
- ‘Signatures of a Shadow Biosphere‘ (2009), Astrobiology 9(2), P.C.W. Davies et. al.
- Alien Ocean (2009), Stefan Helmreich <Chapter 1>
- ‘Mars, Media, and Metamorphosis‘ (2010), Culture Machine 11, Sarah Kember
- Cultural Anthropology 25:4 (2010), various
- ‘The Emergence of Multispecies Ethnography’, S. Eben Kirksey & Stefan Helmreich
- ‘Fingeryeyes: Impressions of Cup Corals’, Eva Hayward
- ‘Viral Clouds: Becoming H5N1 in Indonesia’, Celia Lowe
- ‘Ecologies of Empire: On the New Uses of the Honeybee’, Jake Kosek
- When Species Meet (2008), Donna Haraway
- ‘Staying with the Trouble: Becoming Worldly with Companion Species‘, Donna Haraway
Academics Cartesian Minefield Material/Digital Science! Technology
by Justin
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How I learned to stop worrying and love the hive mind
Having returned from ‘A Billion Gadget Minds’, a day-long workshop at the Swedenborg Hall, I seem to have spent much of this week thinking about computational/cognitive culture(s). Fellow Goldsmiths alumnus El Fortunio gave the workshop a comprehensive write-up (omitting only the intrusion of samovar-wielding theologians), but there were a couple of talks that had sufficient resonance to garner further unpacking and analysis.
To begin, here’s the workshop’s official blurb:
‘A growing body of research, including literature on cognitive anthropology, software studies and cognitive capital suggests that whatever is called ‘thinking’ occurs amidst mechanisms, habits, codelike systems, devices and other formally structured means. If intelligence, far from being a property of ‘the human’, is an informal and provisional function of the ensemble of mechanisms and relations that comprise a social field, then we need to explore the co-relation of cultural and experiental practices, thought and intelligent devices.’
– A Billion Gadget Minds, 21/10/2010
In other words, how can we open a space in which speak of the radical heterogeneity of intelligence; a distributed, plural intelligence, (sometimes) existing outside of the brain’s biophysical substrates? We’re talking human-computer interaction, Napier’s bones, smart homes, and iPhones.
